Transforming Organic Waste into Valuable Bio-Products: An Integrated Approach to Ecological Resource Management

Abstract

The sustainable transformation of organic waste into renewable bio-products is an important strategy for advancing ecological resource management and supporting circular bioeconomy. This study evaluated the performance of farm-scale biodigesters in converting organic waste into biogas while identifying the operational and environmental factors influencing production. Secondary operational data comprising 1,063 observations collected from four biodigesters between January 2024 and January 2025 were analysed. Data preprocessing, descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and Random Forest regression were employed to investigate predictor–response relationships and model biogas production. The regression analysis demonstrated that reactor-specific characteristics significantly influenced biogas production, whereas biodigester type was not a significant predictor. Water input exhibited a modest negative association with biogas output, while air temperature and seasonal variation showed significant positive effects. Multicollinearity was negligible, with all variance inflation factor values below two. The Random Forest model achieved satisfactory training performance but exhibited limited temporal generalization, indicating that additional operational and biochemical variables are necessary for reliable future prediction. Overall, the findings demonstrate that effective organic waste valorization depends on optimized reactor management, environmental conditions, and continuous process monitoring rather than biodigester technology alone. The study provides practical evidence supporting biodigester-based renewable energy production and offers insights for developing data-driven decision-support frameworks that enhance sustainable bio-product recovery and ecological resource management.